Cardinal and ordinal numbers / Waclaw Sierpinski.
Idioma: Inglés Lenguaje original: Polaco Series Monografie matematyczne: t. 34.Editor: Warszawa : Panstwowe Wydawn. Naukowe, 1958Descripción: 487 p. ; 25 cmTema(s): Set theory | Transfinite numbers | Cardinal numbers | Numbers, OrdinalOtra clasificación: 03E10Chapter I. Sets and elementary set operations 1. Sets [5] 2. Elements of a set [5] 3. Symbols E and not E [5] 4. Set consisting of one element [5] 5. The empty set [6] 6. Equality of sets [6] 7. Sets of sets [7] 8. Subset of a set [8] 9. Sum of sets [9] 10. Difference of sets [10] 11. Product of sets [11] 12. Disjoint sums [13] 13. Complement of a set [15] 14. Ordered pairs [16] , 15. Correspondence. Function [16] 16. One-to-one correspondence [17] 17. Cartesian product of sets [19] 18. Exponentiation of sets [21] Chapter II. Equivalent sets 1. Equivalent sets. Relation ~ [22] 2. Finite and infinite sets [22] 3. Fundamental properties of the relation ~ [24] 4. Effectively equivalent sets [25] 5. Various theorems on the equivalence of sets [26] 6. The Cantor-Bernstein Theorem [30] Chapter III. Denumerable and non-denumerable sets 1. Denumerable and effectively denumerable sets [34] 2. Effective denumerability of the set of all rational numbers [36] 3. Effective denumerability of the infinite set of non-overlapping intervals [37] 4. Effective denumerability of the set of all finite sequences of rational numbers [39] 5. Effective denumerability of the set of all algebraic numbers [42] 6. Non-denumerable sets [43] 1. Properties of sets containing denumerable subsets [45] 8. Sets infinite in the sense of Dedekind [49] 9. Various definitions of finite sets [30] 10. Denumerability of the Cartesian product of two denumerable sets [52] Chapter TV. Sets of the power of the continuum 1. Sets of the power of the oontinuum and sets effectively of the power of the continuum [53] 2. Non-denumerability of the set of real numbers [53] 3. Removing a denumerable set from a set of the power of the continuum [54] 4. Sot of real numbers of an arbitrary interval [56] 5. Sum of two sets of the power of the continuum [58] 6. Cartesian product of a denumerable set and a set of the power of the continuum [59] 7. Set of all infinite sequences of natural numbers [59] 8. Cartesian product of two sets of the power of the continuum [61] 9. Impossibility of a continuous (1-1) mapping of a plane on a straight line [66] 10. Continuous curve filling up a square [68] 11. Set of all infinite sequences of real numbers [69] 12. Continuous curve filling up a denumerably dimensional cube [73] 13. Set of all continuous functions [75] 14. Decomposition of a set of natural numbers into a continuum of almost disjoint sets [77] Chapter V. Comparing the power of sets 1. Sets of less and greater power [80] 2. Sets of greater power than finite sets and denumerable sets. Hypothesis of the continuum [82] 3. Cantor’s theorem on the set of all subsets of a given set [83] 4. Generalized Continuum Hypothesis [85] 5. Forming sets of ever greater powers [85] Chapter VI. Axiom of choice 1. The axiom of choice. Controversy about it [88] 2. The axiom of choice for a finite set of sets [92] 2a. The axiom of choice for an infinite sequence of sets [93] 3. Hilbert’s axiom [93] 4. General principle of choice [94] 5. Axiom of choice for finite sets [97] 6. Examples of cases where we are able or not able to make an effective choice [105] 7. Applications of the axiom of choice [109] 8. The m-to-n correspondence [126] 9. Dependent choices [129] Chapter VII. Cardinal numbers and operations on them 1. Cardinal numbers [132] 2. Sum of cardinal numbers [133] 3. Product of two cardinal numbers [135] 4. Exponentiation of cardinal numbers [138] 5. Power of the set of all subsets of a given set [140] Chapter VIII. Inequalities for cardinal numbers 1. Definition of an inequality between two cardinal numbers [144] 2. Transitivity of the relation of inequality. Addition of inequalities [147] 3. Exponentiation of inequalities for cardinal numbers [152] 4. Relation m ≤ * n [155] Chapter IX. Difference of cardinal numbers 1. Theorem of A. Tarski and F. Bernstein [158] 2. Theorem on increasing the diminuend [163] 3. Theorem on increasing the subtrahend [165] 4. Difference in which the subtrahend is a natural number [167] 5. Proof of formula 2m —m = 2m for m ≥ ϰ0 without the aid of the axiom of choice [168] 6. Quotient of cardinal numbers [170] Chapter X. Infinite series and infinite products of cardinal numbers 1. Sum of an infinite series of cardinal numbers [172] 2. Properties of an infinite series of cardinal numbers [174] 3. Examples of infinite series of cardinal numbers [175] 4. Sum of an arbitrary set of cardinal numbers [177] 5. Infinite product of cardinal numbers [179] 6. Properties of infinite products of cardinal numbers. Examples [179] 7. Theorem of J. König [181] 8. Product of an arbitrary set of cardinal numbers [182] Chapter XI. Ordered sets 1. Ordered sets [185] 2. Partially ordered sets [187] 3. Lattices [193] 4. Similarity of sets [197] 5. First and last element of an ordered set. Cuts. Jumps. Density and continuity of a set [200] 6. Finite ordered sets [204] 7. Sets of type ω [205] 8. Sets of type ŋ [209] 9. Dense ordered sets as subsets of continuous sets [214] 10. Sets of type λ [217] Chapter XII. Order types and operations on them 1. Order types [222] 2. Sum of two ordered types [223] 3. Product of two order types [229] 4. Sum of an infinite series of order types [236] 5. Power of the set of all denumerable order types [238] 6. Power of the set of all order types of the power of the continuum [240] 7. Sum of an arbitrary ordered set of order types [243] 8. Infinite products of order types [244] 9. Segments and remainders of order types [247] 10. Divisors of order types [250] 11. Comparison of order types [254] Chapter XIII. Well-ordered sets 1. Well-ordered sets [258] 2. The principle of transfinite induction [259] 3. Induction for ordered sets [261] 4. Similar mapping of a well-ordered set on its subset [264] 5. Properties of segments of well-ordered sets [265] Chapter XIV. Ordinal numbers 1. Ordinal numbers. Ordinal numbers as indices of the elements of well-ordered sets [269] 2. Sets of ordinal numbers [270] 3. Sum of ordinal numbers [271] 4. Properties of the sum of ordinal numbers. Numbers of the. 1-st and of the 2-nd kind [274] 5. Remainders of ordinal numbers [277] 6. Prime components [279] 7. Transfinite sequences of ordinal numbers and their limits [284] 8. Infinite series of ordinal numbers and their sums [287] 9. Product of ordinal numbers [290] 10. Properties of the product of ordinal numbers [292] 11. Theorem on the division of ordinal numbers [294] 12. Divisors of ordinal numbers [298] 13. Prime factors of ordinal numbers [303] 14. Certain properties of prime components [305] 15. Exponentiation of ordinal numbers [306] 16. Definitions by transfinite induction [311] 17. Transfinite products of ordinal numbers [313] 18. Properties of the powers of ordinal numbers [315] 19. The power ωa. Normal expansions of ordinal numbers [319] 20. Epsilon numbers [323] 21. Applications of the normal form [327] 22. Determination of all cardinal numbers that are prime factors [332] 23. Expanding ordinal numbers into prime factors [340] 24. Roots of ordinal numbers [341] 25. On ordinal numbers commutative with respect to addition [343] 26. On ordinal numbers commutative with respect to multiplication [347] 27. On the equation aB = Ba for ordinal numbers [359] 28. Natural sum and natural product of ordinal numbers [363] 29. Exponentiation of order types [364] Chapter XV. Number classes and alephs 1. Numbers of the 1-st and of the 2-nd class [366] 2. Cardinal number ϰ1 [369] 3. ϰ1— 2X° hypothesis [376] 4. Properties of ordinal numbers of the 2-nd class [379] 5. Transfinite induction for numbers of the 1-st class and of the 2-nd class [386] 6. Convergence and limit of transfinite sequences of real numbers [387] 7. Initial numbers, alephs and their notation [389] 8. Formula ϰ2a = ϰa and conclusions from it [392] 9. A proposition of elementary geometry, equivalent to the continuum hypothesis [397] 10. Difference of alephs. Sums and products of transfinite sequences of successive alephs [399] 11. Limit of transfinite sequences of initial numbers. Regular and singular initial numbers. Inaccessible alephs [402] Chapter XVI. Zermelo’s theorem and other theorems equivalent to the axiom of choice 1. Equivalence of the axiom od choice, of Zermelo’s theorem and of the problem of trichotomy [407] 2. Various theorems on cardinal numbers equivalent to the axiom of choice [414] 3. A. Lindenbaum’s theorem [426] 4. Equivalence of the axiom of choice to the theorems of Zorn and Teichmüller [427] 5. Inference of the axiom of choice from the generalized continuum hypothesis [434] Chapter XVII. Applications of Zermelo’s theorem 1. Hamel’s basis [440] 2. Plane set having exactly two points in common with every straight line [446] 3. Decomposition of an infinite set of power tn into more than tn almost disjoint sets [448] 4. Some theorems on families of subsets of sets of given power [450] 5. The power of the set of all order types of a given power [457] 6. Applications of Zermelo’s theorem to the theory of ordered sets [458] Appendix [468] Bibliography [469] Index [482]
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Bibliografía: p. [469]-481.
Chapter I. Sets and elementary set operations --
1. Sets [5] --
2. Elements of a set [5] --
3. Symbols E and not E [5] --
4. Set consisting of one element [5] --
5. The empty set [6] --
6. Equality of sets [6] --
7. Sets of sets [7] --
8. Subset of a set [8] --
9. Sum of sets [9] --
10. Difference of sets [10] --
11. Product of sets [11] --
12. Disjoint sums [13] --
13. Complement of a set [15] --
14. Ordered pairs [16] --
, 15. Correspondence. Function [16] --
16. One-to-one correspondence [17] --
17. Cartesian product of sets [19] --
18. Exponentiation of sets [21] --
Chapter II. Equivalent sets --
1. Equivalent sets. Relation ~ [22] --
2. Finite and infinite sets [22] --
3. Fundamental properties of the relation ~ [24] --
4. Effectively equivalent sets [25] --
5. Various theorems on the equivalence of sets [26] --
6. The Cantor-Bernstein Theorem [30] --
Chapter III. Denumerable and non-denumerable sets --
1. Denumerable and effectively denumerable sets [34] --
2. Effective denumerability of the set of all rational numbers [36] --
3. Effective denumerability of the infinite set of non-overlapping intervals [37] --
4. Effective denumerability of the set of all finite sequences of rational numbers [39] --
5. Effective denumerability of the set of all algebraic numbers [42] --
6. Non-denumerable sets [43] --
1. Properties of sets containing denumerable subsets [45] --
8. Sets infinite in the sense of Dedekind [49] --
9. Various definitions of finite sets [30] --
10. Denumerability of the Cartesian product of two denumerable sets [52] --
Chapter TV. Sets of the power of the continuum --
1. Sets of the power of the oontinuum and sets effectively of the power of the continuum [53] --
2. Non-denumerability of the set of real numbers [53] --
3. Removing a denumerable set from a set of the power of the continuum [54] --
4. Sot of real numbers of an arbitrary interval [56] --
5. Sum of two sets of the power of the continuum [58] --
6. Cartesian product of a denumerable set and a set of the power of the continuum [59] --
7. Set of all infinite sequences of natural numbers [59] --
8. Cartesian product of two sets of the power of the continuum [61] --
9. Impossibility of a continuous (1-1) mapping of a plane on a straight line [66] --
10. Continuous curve filling up a square [68] --
11. Set of all infinite sequences of real numbers [69] --
12. Continuous curve filling up a denumerably dimensional cube [73] --
13. Set of all continuous functions [75] --
14. Decomposition of a set of natural numbers into a continuum of almost disjoint sets [77] --
Chapter V. Comparing the power of sets --
1. Sets of less and greater power [80] --
2. Sets of greater power than finite sets and denumerable sets. Hypothesis of the continuum [82] --
3. Cantor’s theorem on the set of all subsets of a given set [83] --
4. Generalized Continuum Hypothesis [85] --
5. Forming sets of ever greater powers [85] --
Chapter VI. Axiom of choice --
1. The axiom of choice. Controversy about it [88] --
2. The axiom of choice for a finite set of sets [92] --
2a. The axiom of choice for an infinite sequence of sets [93] --
3. Hilbert’s axiom [93] --
4. General principle of choice [94] --
5. Axiom of choice for finite sets [97] --
6. Examples of cases where we are able or not able to make an effective choice [105] --
7. Applications of the axiom of choice [109] --
8. The m-to-n correspondence [126] --
9. Dependent choices [129] --
Chapter VII. Cardinal numbers and operations on them --
1. Cardinal numbers [132] --
2. Sum of cardinal numbers [133] --
3. Product of two cardinal numbers [135] --
4. Exponentiation of cardinal numbers [138] --
5. Power of the set of all subsets of a given set [140] --
Chapter VIII. Inequalities for cardinal numbers --
1. Definition of an inequality between two cardinal numbers [144] --
2. Transitivity of the relation of inequality. Addition of inequalities [147] --
3. Exponentiation of inequalities for cardinal numbers [152] --
4. Relation m ≤ * n [155] --
Chapter IX. Difference of cardinal numbers --
1. Theorem of A. Tarski and F. Bernstein [158] --
2. Theorem on increasing the diminuend [163] --
3. Theorem on increasing the subtrahend [165] --
4. Difference in which the subtrahend is a natural number [167] --
5. Proof of formula 2m —m = 2m for m ≥ ϰ0 without the aid of the axiom of choice [168] --
6. Quotient of cardinal numbers [170] --
Chapter X. Infinite series and infinite products of cardinal numbers --
1. Sum of an infinite series of cardinal numbers [172] --
2. Properties of an infinite series of cardinal numbers [174] --
3. Examples of infinite series of cardinal numbers [175] --
4. Sum of an arbitrary set of cardinal numbers [177] --
5. Infinite product of cardinal numbers [179] --
6. Properties of infinite products of cardinal numbers. Examples [179] --
7. Theorem of J. König [181] --
8. Product of an arbitrary set of cardinal numbers [182] --
Chapter XI. Ordered sets --
1. Ordered sets [185] --
2. Partially ordered sets [187] --
3. Lattices [193] --
4. Similarity of sets [197] --
5. First and last element of an ordered set. Cuts. Jumps. Density and continuity of a set [200] --
6. Finite ordered sets [204] --
7. Sets of type ω [205] --
8. Sets of type ŋ [209] --
9. Dense ordered sets as subsets of continuous sets [214] --
10. Sets of type λ [217] --
Chapter XII. Order types and operations on them --
1. Order types [222] --
2. Sum of two ordered types [223] --
3. Product of two order types [229] --
4. Sum of an infinite series of order types [236] --
5. Power of the set of all denumerable order types [238] --
6. Power of the set of all order types of the power of the continuum [240] --
7. Sum of an arbitrary ordered set of order types [243] --
8. Infinite products of order types [244] --
9. Segments and remainders of order types [247] --
10. Divisors of order types [250] --
11. Comparison of order types [254] --
Chapter XIII. Well-ordered sets --
1. Well-ordered sets [258] --
2. The principle of transfinite induction [259] --
3. Induction for ordered sets [261] --
4. Similar mapping of a well-ordered set on its subset [264] --
5. Properties of segments of well-ordered sets [265] --
Chapter XIV. Ordinal numbers --
1. Ordinal numbers. Ordinal numbers as indices of the elements of well-ordered sets [269] --
2. Sets of ordinal numbers [270] --
3. Sum of ordinal numbers [271] --
4. Properties of the sum of ordinal numbers. Numbers of the. 1-st and of the 2-nd kind [274] --
5. Remainders of ordinal numbers [277] --
6. Prime components [279] --
7. Transfinite sequences of ordinal numbers and their limits [284] --
8. Infinite series of ordinal numbers and their sums [287] --
9. Product of ordinal numbers [290] --
10. Properties of the product of ordinal numbers [292] --
11. Theorem on the division of ordinal numbers [294] --
12. Divisors of ordinal numbers [298] --
13. Prime factors of ordinal numbers [303] --
14. Certain properties of prime components [305] --
15. Exponentiation of ordinal numbers [306] --
16. Definitions by transfinite induction [311] --
17. Transfinite products of ordinal numbers [313] --
18. Properties of the powers of ordinal numbers [315] --
19. The power ωa. Normal expansions of ordinal numbers [319] --
20. Epsilon numbers [323] --
21. Applications of the normal form [327] --
22. Determination of all cardinal numbers that are prime factors [332] --
23. Expanding ordinal numbers into prime factors [340] --
24. Roots of ordinal numbers [341] --
25. On ordinal numbers commutative with respect to addition [343] --
26. On ordinal numbers commutative with respect to multiplication [347] --
27. On the equation aB = Ba for ordinal numbers [359] --
28. Natural sum and natural product of ordinal numbers [363] --
29. Exponentiation of order types [364] --
Chapter XV. Number classes and alephs --
1. Numbers of the 1-st and of the 2-nd class [366] --
2. Cardinal number ϰ1 [369] --
3. ϰ1— 2X° hypothesis [376] --
4. Properties of ordinal numbers of the 2-nd class [379] --
5. Transfinite induction for numbers of the 1-st class and of the 2-nd class [386] --
6. Convergence and limit of transfinite sequences of real numbers [387] --
7. Initial numbers, alephs and their notation [389] --
8. Formula ϰ2a = ϰa and conclusions from it [392] --
9. A proposition of elementary geometry, equivalent to the continuum hypothesis [397] --
10. Difference of alephs. Sums and products of transfinite sequences of successive alephs [399] --
11. Limit of transfinite sequences of initial numbers. Regular and singular initial numbers. Inaccessible alephs [402] --
Chapter XVI. Zermelo’s theorem and other theorems equivalent to the axiom of choice --
1. Equivalence of the axiom od choice, of Zermelo’s theorem and of the problem of trichotomy [407] --
2. Various theorems on cardinal numbers equivalent to the axiom of choice [414] --
3. A. Lindenbaum’s theorem [426] --
4. Equivalence of the axiom of choice to the theorems of Zorn and Teichmüller [427] --
5. Inference of the axiom of choice from the generalized continuum hypothesis [434] --
Chapter XVII. Applications of Zermelo’s theorem --
1. Hamel’s basis [440] --
2. Plane set having exactly two points in common with every straight line [446] --
3. Decomposition of an infinite set of power tn into more than tn almost disjoint sets [448] --
4. Some theorems on families of subsets of sets of given power [450] --
5. The power of the set of all order types of a given power [457] --
6. Applications of Zermelo’s theorem to the theory of ordered sets [458] --
Appendix [468] --
Bibliography [469] --
Index [482] --
MR, 20 #2288
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